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The Industrial Revolution Gave Birth To Office Chairs
Before the nineteenth century, most of the global workforce was employed in agrarian labor'an 'office chair' was only relevant for the wealthy, government officials and academics. In fact, Charles Darwin is the earliest known adopter of a proto-office chair, grafting wheels onto a normal chair in the s so he could swivel between specimens. It goes without saying that this was a fairly uncommon use case.
Then came the railroad, the advent of manufacturing, and the Industrial Revolution. As the traditional model of labor was upended, more administrative workers were needed for logistical coordination and bookkeeping, and the concept of general and administrative workers was born. Businesses empowered by rail access in scaling and expanding to new markets employed more and more people'creating a cadre of middle managers.
This was the first time in history that productivity accrued on a mass scale from people sitting indoors. As white collar workers became a crucial economic resource for the first time, their bosses began to recognize the value of making them comfortable.
Mid-s: Victorian Design
Enter the first mass production office chair: the Centripetal Office Chair, designed by the inventor Thomas Warren and launched by the American Chair Company in at the Great Exhibition in London. The example depicted to the right now sits in the Brooklyn Museum.
It looks dated, but the chair was surprisingly functional by today's standards. Made of cast iron and upholstered in velvet, the chair's standard features included full tilt movement enabled by four large springs concealed in the frame, a revolving seat, and casters for movement.
The chair sold poorly outside the United States, because the Victorian norms prevailing in the Anglophone world at the time viewed comfortable seating as immoral. The Centripetal Chair was too ergonomic for its time.
But Victorian propriety was hardly a lasting bulwark against the rising tide of a manufacturing / service economy. As the Industrial Revolution culminated, the growing tide of office workers took notice; the most popular attraction during the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia was the Office Furniture Exhibit. Meanwhile, specialty chairs for barbers and dentists had started to introduce the components and materials that would power the modern office chair.
Early s: Architectural Design
By the early twentieth century, the desk job was a staple function in the worldwide economy, and industrial designers had risen to the occasion. But they didn't focus on comfort. The question at stake was architectural alignment with the rest of the space.
Frank Lloyd Wright designed the office chair on the right to accompany the Larkin Building, an office building he designed in . The chair was lauded for its innovative height adjustment mechanism, but lacked'to say the least'the human-centered design features that we take for granted today. He made an even less comfortable, three-legged version called the 'suicide chair,' intended for the largely female secretarial staff.
Although the Victorian era had faded, comfort was still linked closely with laziness in the minds of managers, and design decisions tended to be informed by cost and congruence with the prevailing architectural style.
Mid s: Modern Design
Office chairs evolved into a recognizable form after World War II. This was no accident: ergonomic research played a tremendous role in the design of instruments of war, like tanks and plane cockpits, as well as the factories that produced them.
Combined with post-war industrialization and the emergence of the United States as a full-fledged manufacturing and services economy, the office chair had renewed purpose and a huge body of declassified military research waiting to inspire new designs.
The Aluminum Group Chair by famed designers Ray and Charles Eames features sleek lines, metal spokes and plastic casters. Look familiar? Many office chairs of this era look like'and in some cases, are'the same chairs we might sit on today.
But aesthetics, not ergonomics, still drove the design of chairs. The mid-century modern aesthetic produced beautiful furniture for the growing mass of office workers, and proved popular enough to produce plenty of business for chiropractors and orthopedic surgeons.
s until today: Ergonomic Design
The era of the ergonomic office chair began in earnest in the s. Several catalysts played a role in the popularization of ergonomic design. Notable among these were series of books'particularly Humanscale, by the designer Niels Diffrient'that popularized the ergonomics findings of military and industrial researchers, and made them accessible to the design community at large.
Advanced materials spilled over from Cold War and Space Age research, and an American surgeon George Phalen began spreading the word about a mysterious condition afflicting office workers called carpal tunnel syndrome. In , President Nixon signed the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Act (OSHA) into law, ensuring that companies which failed to provide a safe work environment would be penalized.
These factors culminated in the Ergon Chair, designed by William Stumpf and released in . Although it lacked the configurability of modern chairs, it used molded foam that conformed to our natural sitting position'a landmark in ergonomic design. Later designs like the popular Aeron chair took these principles and carried them forward, applying advanced materials like breathable mesh and 3D aided-design.
The end result of this process are modern office chairs, the best of which mold to our needs in ways that would be hard to imagine for Thomas Warren or Frank Lloyd Wright.
Future of the Office Chair
The office chairs we interact with every day'and sometimes take for granted'are the culmination of a century-long process shaped by design trends and socioeconomic factors alike. The results have been nothing short of spectacular. As design objects, the best office chairs on the market today have reached a pinnacle of aesthetic and ergonomic excellence.
If that's true, what's next for the office chair? Although research is still ongoing, preliminary studies have begun to show that most office workers should sit less and stand more. The office chair of the future may be lighter and more modular to account for the fact that it will be used in specific, task-oriented ways.
But chairs will always be part of our workplace experience. The fundamental problems with the ergonomic office chair today are accessibility and flexibility, not design. With prices rising to the four-figure range for premium chairs, the best chairs are largely inaccessible to the mass market of knowledge workers.
And the way we procure office chairs today'buy it once, stuck with it forever'doesn't align with the reality of a workforce populated in greater numbers by freelancers, remote workers and high-growth companies with need that change fast.
The most impactful design innovation to come may be the combination of time-tested design with a fundamental restructuring in the way office chairs are bought and sold, so more workers can take advantage of quality materials, ergonomic best practices and beautiful design. Until then, take a moment to lean back in your chair and acknowledge our debt of gratitude to the designers that helped us sit the way we do'comfortable, in style, and ready to work.
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An office chair, or desk chair, is a type of chair that is designed for use at a desk in an office. It is usually a swivel chair, with a set of wheels for mobility and adjustable height. Modern office chairs typically use a single, distinctive load bearing leg (often called a gas lift), which is positioned underneath the chair seat. Near the floor this leg spreads out into several smaller feet, which are often wheeled and called casters. Office chairs were developed around the mid-19th century as more workers spent their shifts sitting at a desk, leading to the adoption of several features not found on other chairs.
Many office activities such as writing or typing involve a forward seat position in front of a work station, emphasizing free use of the arms and hands for reaching and for dexterous activities. Other tasks, such as talking on the , permit a recumbent posture. Static posture, sitting in a single position for long periods of time, places strain on the body and can lead to medical concerns. Teleconferencing, an increasing common business activity, has slightly different postural constraints as compared to typing or audio telephony. Chairs with additional adjustments, such as seat pan tilt, cater to a wider range of use cases; sometimes this is combined with a powered standing desk, to further mobilize the body.
Chairs with castors move best on hard floors or specialized mats. The wheels concentrate the bearing load onto small contact surfaces, and can damage some types of flooring materials, such as traditional hardwood, unless protected by a suitable hard mat. Rolling and swiveling used in combination permits a single office worker to command many different desks or workstations within a small office footprint (often an office cubicle). Plush carpets are unsuitable flooring materials for wheeled chairs. Especially plastic wheels rolling over modern synthetic materials, such as carpet or a plastic floor mat, are capable of generating high level of static charge, which can be damaging to electronic devices in some cases. For special purposes Electrostaic Discharge (ESD) castors are available. Some higher-end office chair castors feature an unloaded brake system. This system provides some roll resistance, that is automatically activated when the chair is not under load. This reduces the tendency of rolling away when sitting down or standing up. When weight is applied, the castors roll resistance is automatically canceled enabling the castors to freely move.
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The concept of a swiveling chair with castors was illustrated by the Nuremberg patrician Martin Löffelholz von Kolberg in his technological illuminated manuscript, the so-called Codex Löffelholz, on folio 10r.[1] One of the earliest known innovators to have created the modern office chair was naturalist Charles Darwin, who put wheels on the chair in his study so he could get to his specimens more quickly.[2]
With the advent of rail transport in the mid-19th century, businesses began to expand beyond the traditional model of a family business with little emphasis on administration. The additional administrative staff was required to keep up with orders, bookkeeping, and correspondence as businesses expanded their service areas. While office work was expanding, an awareness of office environments, technology, and equipment became part of the cultural focus on increasing productivity. This awareness gave rise to chairs designed specifically for these new administrative employees: office chairs. American inventor Thomas E. Warren (b. ), designed the Centripetal Spring Armchair in which was produced by the American Chair Company in Troy, New York.[3] It was first presented at the Great Exhibition in London.[4] It was only around when a group of engineers in the United States began to investigate how chairs could improve health and relaxation by stressing posture and movement. [5]
The office chair was strategically designed to increase the productivity of clerical employees by making it possible for them to remain sitting at their desks for long periods of time. A swiveling chair with casters allowed employees to remain sitting and yet reach a number of locations within their work area, eliminating the time and energy expended in standing. The wooden saddle seat was designed to fit and support the body of a sitting employee, and the slatted back and armrests provided additional support to increase the employee's comfort. Like modern chairs, many of these models were somewhat adjustable to provide the maximum comfort and thus the maximum working time. Famous designers sometimes designed chairs intended for office employees.
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There are multiple kinds of office chairs designed to suit different needs. The most basic is the task chair, which typically does not offer lumbar support or a headrest. These chairs generally cannot be sat in for more than a couple hours at a time without becoming uncomfortable, though they often offer more room to move than higher-end chairs.
Mid-back chairs offer fuller back support, and with the right ergonomic design, can be sat in for four hours at a time or longer. High-end chairs in this category, such as the Herman Miller Aeron and the Steelcase Leap are comfortable for long periods. Some mid-back chairs in particular offer customization options that can allow for a headrest to be added.
Executive or full-back chairs offer full back and head support. Many executive chairs are designed to be sat in for eight or more hours at a time. These are typically the most expensive office chairs and often feature genuine leather upholstery.
For appropriately seating above average tall and/or heavy office workers, extra spacious and sturdy constructed chairs are offered. Office chairs designed for safely and comfortably supporting increased weights and sizes have to use durable (metal) structural components, making these chairs heavier than office chairs designed for average sized people.[a]
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In the s, ergonomics became an important design consideration. Today, office chairs often have adjustable seats, armrests, backs, lumbar support, heights, and footrests, to prevent repetitive stress injury and back pain associated with sitting for long periods.
An 'ergonomic' office chair can be 'personalized' through numerous adjustment options:
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).Standards for the design and testing of office chairs include:
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The usage forces excerted on chairs by people weighing over 136 kilograms (300 lb), during a hard sitting down impact, can peak at 213% in terms of their body weight.
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