Charging an electric vehicle: how does it work? - TotalEnergies.com

04 Aug.,2025

 

Charging an electric vehicle: how does it work? - TotalEnergies.com

The development of the electric vehicle sector is driving the emergence of new markets and players, including electricity suppliers, charge point manufacturers, installation engineers, maintenance firms and even charging service providers.

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To support the growth of the electric mobility market, various solutions are available for helping address the energy transition challenge. A prime example is TotalEnergies' decision to invest in the deployment of electric vehicle charging infrastructures (EVCIs).

Electric mobility: charging solutions adapted to every use

Several questions are swirling about this new form of mobility. What are the charging methods? What are the different power ratings? What type of socket do you need for a specific type of charging? Which sockets are available at home? What about at public charge points or service stations?

The different types of sockets and connectors according to the charging type

Unlike an internal combustion engine vehicle, which can only be filled up at a service station, an electric vehicle can be charged at various locations, such as at home, work, an on-street charge point, a dedicated hub or a service station. These locations correspond to different use cases and therefore different customer journeys.

Electric mobility: how do you charge an electric car?

Overview of the different types of sockets around the world

CHAdeMO, Combo CCS, Type 2... when it comes to electric vehicles, there are many different types of sockets. Each socket requires a suitable connector, i.e. the "plug" on either side of the cable or at the end of the cable if it is already attached to the charge point.

In , the European Union implemented an EU Directive that requires charge points to be equipped at least with Type 2 vehicle sockets or connectors.

In other parts of the world, Type 1 sockets are still the standard, especially in Japan and the USA. These sockets are mainly present on first generation EVs, but they are gradually being phased out by Type 2 sockets.

In the United States, the government has passed a new standard that requires charge points to offer the CCS (universal charger) socket. China will be adopting a new charging protocol in by introducing version 3.0 of the CHAdeMO protocol.

Preparing for large-scale electric mobility

The number of EV users continues to rise. This increase implies greater demand for electricity and the need to reinforce the electric grids delivering the energy needed to power the charging networks. As a long-standing player in energy for mobility, TotalEnergies is supporting the development of new forms of mobility and providing users with charging solutions while striving to minimize impacts on the distribution grid. This is why the Company decided to team up with 11 partners in September and contribute to the aVEnir project led by Enedis, the French distribution network operator.

The project aims to support the large-scale development of electric mobility by experimenting with interactions between the public electricity grid, charge points and electric vehicles, especially by exploring Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technologies. The principle behind V2G is a bidirectional charging technology aimed at allowing vehicles to return part of the electricity stored in their batteries to improve the operation of the grid and compensate for the intermittent nature of renewable energy.

As part of this project, the Company is looking for charging solutions that are capable of guaranteeing high service quality for users, while offering energy flexibility to reduce the impact of charging on the distribution grids.

How Do EV Charging Stations Work? - Ekoenergetyka


Plug in and charge. Simple, right? Behind that seemingly straightforward action lies one of modern engineering's most sophisticated power delivery systems. Electric vehicle charging stations represent the convergence of power electronics, digital communication, and smart grid technology – a complex ecosystem designed to deliver electricity safely and efficiently to your vehicle's battery.

The charging process involves a precise interaction between vehicle and station: a very carefully orchestrated exchange of digital signals, power monitoring, and real-time adjustments. While the user experience remains straightforward – plug in and walk away – the underlying technology manages a elaborate series of operations to ensure optimal charging performance.

Types of EV Charging Stations

Not all electric car charging stations deliver power equally. The three primary charging levels all serve different purposes:

  • Level 1 (2.3 kW): Using standard 230V household power. Very slow but universal.
  • Level 2 (7-22 kW): Operating on 400V three-phase power. The standard for public charging. Faster than level 1 charging but less powerful than level 3 DC fast charging.
  • Level 3 (50-350 kW): DC fast-charging systems. Maximum power, maximum speed. Can charge your EV up to 80% in just 30 minutes.

Level 2 stations are the primary charging solution for personal electric vehicles, particularly in residential settings. They're ideal for locations where cars are parked for a few hours, allowing for a substantial charge during routine stops. This slower, steady charging method aligns well with personal vehicle charging needs, while DC charging infrastructure serves as the backbone for logistics, transport, and commercial fleets.

You'll find level 2 charging stations in:

  • Shopping centres
  • Parking structures
  • Workplace facilities
  • Residential complexes
  • Public parking areas

Level 3 stations are the backbone of modern commercial transportation and logistics infrastructure, a sector representing a significant portion of European GDP. These high-power systems are crucial for meeting AFIR requirements and achieving ambitious Fit for 55 goals.

While requiring substantial infrastructure investments, level 3 charging stations are essential for commercial fleets, logistics operations, and long-distance transport. They're strategically placed along major travel routes and in dedicated charging hubs, enabling rapid charging that keeps commercial operations running efficiently.

Components of an EV Charging Station

Modern charging stations are marvels of engineering, combining advanced electronics, sophisticated software, and robust safety systems. Each component plays a crucial role in delivering power efficiently and safely to vehicles.

Charger Hardware: Connectors, Charging Cables, and Plugs

The charging connector, while appearing straightforward, contains advanced engineering. European stations utilize several standardized types:

Primary Connector Types:

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  • Type 2 (Mennekes) - The European standard for AC charging
  • CCS (Combined Charging System) - The dominant DC fast-charging standard
  • CHAdeMO - An older standard, gradually being phased out
  • MCS (Megawatt Charging System) - New high-power standard for heavy-duty vehicles

Each charging cable contains:

  • Multiple power conductors
  • Ground connections
  • Communication pathways
  • Safety monitoring systems
  • Temperature sensors

Power Supply: AC vs. DC Power

Here's the fundamental challenge: vehicle batteries require direct current power (DC) that flows in one constant direction. However, the grid delivers alternating current power (AC) which changes direction periodically. This discrepancy demands conversion, and different charging levels handle it in distinct ways.

Level 1 and 2 Stations:

  • Deliver AC power directly
  • Rely on the vehicle's onboard charger for conversion
  • Lower cost but limited by vehicle converter capacity

Level 3 Stations:

  • Perform AC-to-DC conversion directly within the charging station
  • Bypass the vehicle's onboard charger completely
  • Deliver up to 350 kW of DC power
  • Require complex power electronics and cooling systems

This distinction explains why Level 3 stations can charge so much faster – they're essentially giant power converters capable of delivering more current than any onboard system could handle.

Software & Communication: How EVs and Charging Stations Communicate



The physical connection between the car and the charging station is just the beginning. Modern stations are highly intelligent computers that establish intricate digital dialogues with vehicles. Every charging session involves dozens of data exchanges.

Key Communication Components:

  • Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) – The industry standard for station-to-network communication
  • Power Line Communication (PLC) – Enables data exchange through the charging cable
  • Control Pilot – Manages the safe flow of electricity

When you connect your vehicle, a rapid sequence of events unfolds. The station verifies your car's charging capabilities. Your vehicle reports its current battery status. Power delivery adjusts in real-time. It's a constant back-and-forth that happens in milliseconds.

Payment Systems

Gone are the days of simple card readers. Today's charging stations typically offer multiple payment options:

  • Mobile apps with stored payment details
  • RFID cards for subscription services
  • Direct contactless bank card payments
  • QR code-based systems

European regulations are pushing for even greater payment accessibility. By , all new high-power charging stations must accept standard debit and credit cards – a significant step toward universal access. 

How the Charging Process Works

The moment you plug in your vehicle, a sophisticated dance begins:

  1. Initial Handshake
    • The station validates the connection
    • The vehicle reports battery status
    • Safety systems activate
  2. Power Negotiation
    • Vehicle requests specific power level
    • The station confirms the available capacity
    • Charging parameters set
  3. Active Charging
    • Power delivery begins
    • Real-time monitoring of:
      • Temperature
      • Voltage levels
      • Current flow
      • Battery response
  4. Charge Management
    • Dynamic power adjustment
    • Thermal management
    • Safety system monitoring

Challenges and Innovations in Charging Station Technology

The rapid evolution of EV charging faces several key challenges. Power grid capacity – sometimes insufficient. Peak demand management - increasingly complex. Installation costs – too often prohibitive. However, all these challenges drive innovation.

Load Management

Smart load management systems perform a delicate balancing act. When multiple vehicles charge simultaneously, available power must be distributed efficiently. Some strategies include:

Dynamic Load Balancing:

  • The system continuously monitors and adjusts power allocation in real-time based on current charging needs.
  • Advanced sensors track peak demand patterns to optimize power distribution across all connected vehicles.
  • Automated scaling mechanisms adjust power delivery to match available grid capacity and prevent overload.
  • Cutting-edge protection systems maintain grid stability by preventing sudden power surges or imbalances.

Smart Charging

The future of charging is intelligent. Smart charging systems consider multiple factors:

  • Electricity prices
  • Grid capacity
  • User preferences
  • Renewable energy availability
  • Local power constraints

They can adjust charging speeds and timing to optimize both cost and grid stability. Your car might charge slower at peak times and faster when renewable energy is abundant.

V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid)

Perhaps the most revolutionary development yet is bi-directional charging. V2G technology transforms EVs from mere power consumers into mobile energy storage units. During peak demand, your car could power your home. During grid emergencies, thousands of connected EVs could stabilize the entire network.

Conclusion

Electric vehicle charging stations represent far more than simple power outlets. They're sophisticated energy management systems combining advanced hardware, intelligent software, and complex communications protocols. As technology advances, these systems continue to evolve - becoming smarter, faster, and more capable.

The future promises even more innovation: wireless charging, ultra-fast power delivery, and intelligent grid integration. Yet the core principle remains simple: delivering power safely and efficiently to the growing fleet of electric vehicles on our roads.

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